過來人了,知道搜集修辭不易~以下文字足以破解修辭考試了~
Figure of speech (2) 愛爾藍 (1)alliteration(押頭韻):一組單詞的第一個輔音相同,比如例句中四個以l開頭的單詞。 ▲ Let us go forth to lead the land we love. (2)anacoluthon(錯格):句子從一種結(jié)構(gòu)變成另外一種結(jié)構(gòu),比如例句由肯定結(jié)構(gòu)變成疑問結(jié)構(gòu)。 ▲ As a regular reader of your papers -- Why does it give so little space to science? (3)anadiplosis(聯(lián)珠):將一個或一組單詞重復(fù)多遍,比如例句中的servants。 ▲ Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of state, servants of fame, and servants of business. (4)anaphora(首語重復(fù)):將一個句子的開頭單詞或短語,在隨后的句子中重復(fù)多遍,比如例句中的we shall fight。 ▲ We shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. (5)anastrophe(詞序倒裝): 改變正常詞序,比如例句中最后一部分,正常詞序是yet a breeze never blew up 。 ▲ The helmsman steered, the ship moved on, yet never a breeze up blew. (6)antistrophe(逆反復(fù)):在每個句子的結(jié)尾,重復(fù)相同的單詞或短語,比如例句中的without warning。 ▲ In 1931, Japan invaded Manchuria, without warning. In 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia, without warning. In 1938, Hitler occupied Austria, without warning. (7)antithesis(對偶):兩個或多個句子,結(jié)構(gòu)相同,但含義相反,或者含義形成對比,比如例句中的is no vice與is no virtue。 ▲ Extremism in the defense of liberty is no vice, moderation in the pursuit of justice is no virtue. (8)aporia(假裝疑問):假裝表示疑問,做出對某件事情好象不太肯定的樣子,比如例句的最后部分。 ▲ Then the steward said within himself, 'What shall I do?' (9)aposiopesis(中斷):突然中斷一個句子,以表示恐懼、興奮等感情,比如例句在I saw后面中斷。 ▲ The first thing I saw -- But I dare not describe the dreadful sight. (10)apostrophe(頓呼):在敘述過程中,突然對不在場的第三人(或擬人化的抽象事物)的稱呼,比如例句中的O you gods。 ▲ Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him. (11)archaism(擬古):使用古體單詞,或者已廢棄單詞,比如例句中的sate(sit的古體過去式和過去分詞)。 ▲ Pipit sate upright in her chair, some distance from where I was sitting. (12)assonance(協(xié)音):重復(fù)某個發(fā)音相同或相似的音節(jié),比如例句中的Thy/thy和-dom/done。 ▲ Thy kingdom come, thy will be done. (13)asyndeton(連接詞省略):省略單詞、短語或從句之間的連接詞,比如例句省略了兩個連接詞and。 ▲ But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. (14)brachylogy(省略):省略一個不太重要、讀者通常可以猜出的單詞或短語,比如例句省略了out后面的of。 ▲ He looked out the window. (15)cacophony(雜音):使用一組發(fā)音不和諧的單詞,以便讓人聽著不舒服,比如例句中的一組單詞。 ▲ We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work your wicked will. 上一個帖子發(fā)表之后不久,有三個網(wǎng)友給我留言,對其中的第14種修辭方法(brachylogy,省略)提出疑問。比如有一個網(wǎng)友問:如果我寫He looked out the window,老師說我out后面遺漏了of,那我是否可以引用你的帖子,反駁老師說,這樣寫也是可以的,這在修辭學(xué)上叫做brachylogy(省略)?這個問題又把我給難住了,我還真不知道說什么好了,呵呵。哪位網(wǎng)友能解釋這個問題,歡迎不吝賜教,為這三個網(wǎng)友(以及我本人)解答一下,多謝多謝。下面請繼續(xù)看第二部分。 (16)catachresis(生硬比喻):用不準確的單詞進行不準確的比喻,比如例句中的thirsty ear。 ▲ I listen vainly, but with thirsty ear. (17)chiasmus(交錯配列):兩個對應(yīng)部分沒有按照a-b-a-b順序排列,而是按照a-b-b-a順序排列,比如例句中的(often) (in my thoughts) and (in my prayers) (always)。 ▲ Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my prayers always. (18)climax(漸強):重新排列單詞、短語或從句,以便讓整個句子具有語氣逐漸增強的效果,比如例句最后部分and not to yield是整句的GC。 ▲ One equal temper of heroic hearts, made weak by time and fate, but strong in will, to strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield. (19)euphemism(委婉):用禮貌、非冒犯性的表達,代替不禮貌、冒犯性的表達,比如例句中的passed away和went to be with the Lord。 ▲ Charles Shively, 94, passed away at home and went to be with the Lord on April 22, 2004, from natural causes. (20)hendiadys(重言):用and連接兩個名詞,以代替一個形容詞和一個名詞,比如例句中的voice and supplication,代替supplicatory voice。 ▲ I love the Lord, because he has heard my voice and supplication. (21)hypallage(換置):交換兩個單詞的位置,交換之后的句子符合語法,但不一定符合邏輯,比如左邊的例句變成右邊的例句。 ▲ Apply water to the wound. -- Apply the wound to water. (22)hyperbaton(倒裝):顛倒句子各個部分,通常是顛倒主語和謂語,比如左邊的例句可以變成右邊的例句。 ▲ He is happy. -- Happy is he. (23)hyperbole(夸張):通過夸張達到某種修辭效果,比如例句中的An hundred years. ▲ An hundred years should got to praise thine eyes and on thine forehead gaze, two hundred to adore each breast, but thirty thousand to the rest. (24)hysteron proteron(逆序):故意顛倒事件發(fā)生的自然順序,也就是后發(fā)生的先說,先發(fā)生的后說,比如左邊的例句變成右邊的例句。 ▲ I fall, I faint, I die. -- I die, I faint, I fall. (25)irony(反語):字面意思與說話人實際想要表達的意思不一致,通常用來諷刺,比如例句中的an honourable man。 ▲ Yet Brutus says he was ambitious, and Brutus is an honourable man. (26)litotes(曲意):利用否定的形式,表達肯定的意思,比如例句中的not healthy相當(dāng)于dangerous。 ▲ War is not healthy for children and other living things. (27)metaphor(隱喻):利用某些單詞進行含蓄的比喻,此時這些單詞已經(jīng)不再是字面上的意思了,比如例句中的an iron curtain。 ▲ From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the continent. (28)metonymy(換喻)用一個單詞代替另外一個在概念上有關(guān)聯(lián)的單詞,比如例句中的sword,用來代替war。 ▲ The pen is mightier than the sword. (29)onomatopoeia(擬聲):模擬自然界的各種聲音,比如例句中的ticktacking。 ▲ I hear the clock ticktacking, and time goes by. (30)oxymoron(矛盾修飾):使用兩個或多個自相矛盾的單詞,比如例句中的cruel和kind。 關(guān)于上一個帖子中提到的brachylogy(省略)問題,網(wǎng)易英語學(xué)習(xí)論壇的兩位師姐給我留言,其中pandoram認為:brachylogy是在作者完全了解這種修辭方法的前提下才能使用的技巧。以He looked out the window為例,作者心里應(yīng)當(dāng)完全清楚自己省略了一個of,而不是在老師指出后,才發(fā)覺遺漏,然后再用所謂“修辭學(xué)”來為自己辯解,那樣的辯解,只能是狡辯。人都是先學(xué)爬,后學(xué)走,寫作也是這個道理,一個人,如果連常見的語法錯誤還無法避免,修辭還是先等一等再學(xué)吧。退一步說,即使作者真的打算使用brachylogy,也需要一些技巧,以避免讀者把它看成是“錯誤”,比如,只有在上下文有提示的情況下,才省略某個單詞,例如下面這句話。另外,Delphinus認為,brachylogy是各種省略方法的泛稱,并不是一種具體的修辭方法,因此建議我將它從45種修辭方法中排除出去。多謝兩位老朋友不吝賜教!下面請繼續(xù)看第三部分。 I asked as many questions as they to me.(they后面省略asked) (31)paradox(佯謬):似是而非、或者似非而是的表達,比如例句中關(guān)于youth的看法。 ▲ What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young. (32)paraleipsis(假省):故意省略某個部分之后,修辭效果反而更強,比如例句中possessions后面的省略。 ▲ That part of our history detailing the military achievements which gave us our several possessions ... is a theme too familiar to my listeners for me to dilate on, and I shall therefore pass it by. (33)paraprosdokian(沒有漢語譯文):一個句子的結(jié)尾令人感到吃驚,或者令人感到意外,比如例句中的the wall behind me。 ▲ Many times when I look in the mirror, I see the wall behind me. (34)paronomasia(雙關(guān)語):一個單詞或短語,同時具有多重含義,比如例句中的grave man,即是嚴肅的人,又是墳?zāi)怪械乃廊恕? ▲ Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man. (35)personification(擬人):用人的特性來描述人以外的事物,比如例句中的England。 ▲ England expects every man to do his duty. (36)pleonasm(冗筆):使用多余的單詞,來豐富句子的含義,比如例句中的rich and poor。 ▲ No one, rich or poor, will be excepted. (37)polysyndeton(連詞疊用):在一組單詞、短語或從句中,連續(xù)使用某個連詞,比如在例句中,連續(xù)使用and,給人一種一氣呵成的感覺。 ▲ I said, "Who killed him?" and he said, "I don't know who killed him but he's dead all right," and it was dark and there was water standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town and trees blown down and everything all blown and I got a skiff and went out and found my boat where I had her inside Mango Bay and she was all right only she was full of water. (38)prolepsis(預(yù)期描寫):把未發(fā)生的事情當(dāng)作已發(fā)生的事情來描述,比如下面的例句。 ▲ Oh, I am a dead man! (39)simile(明喻):用as、like等單詞對兩個事物進行明確的比較,比如下面的例句。 ▲ Reason is to faith as the eye to the telescope. (40)syllepsis(一筆雙敘):一個單詞與另外兩個單詞共同使用,其中一組的用法是常見的,另外一組的用法是不常見的,比如例句中hang together是常見的,而hang separately是不常見的。 ▲ We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately. (41)synchysis(沒有漢語譯文):有意(或者無意)將句子中各個單詞的順序打亂,使人難以理解,比如下面的例句。 ▲ Lunch having he is, as writing one with hand, a book in the other hunched over, and notes he is taking. (42)synecdoche(提喻):用局部代替整體,或者用整體代替局部,比如例句中的U.S.(美國),在原文中是指U.S. boxing team(美國拳擊隊)。 ▲ The U.S. won three gold medals. (43)synesis(沒有漢語譯文):單詞的搭配符合邏輯,但不符合語法,比如例句中的anyone和them。 ▲ If anyone calls, tell them I am out. (44)tautology(同義反復(fù)):用不同的單詞、短語或句子重復(fù)同一個意思,比如例句中的兩個短語。 ▲ With malice toward none, with charity for all. (45)zeugma(軛式搭配):用一個形容詞修飾兩個名詞,其中一個修飾是通順的,另外一個修飾則是勉強的,比如將左邊的例句改寫成右邊的例句。 ▲ With weeping eyes and grieving hearts -- With weeping eyes and hearts
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